- India should focus on domestic economic issues instead of global laurels, says Nobel laureate Abhijit Banerjee
Shifting the focus to domestic issues might help the government to create a suitable environment for fore ...More
Shifting the focus to domestic issues might help the government to create a suitable environment for foreign investors in India. The Nobel laureate said that investors move out even at the slightest inconvenience and uncertainty which can hamper our economic growth. ...Less

- India needs better opposition: Abhijit Banerjee
Speaking at a session at the Jaipur Literature Festival (JLF), the 58-year-old India-born American econom ...More
Speaking at a session at the Jaipur Literature Festival (JLF), the 58-year-old India-born American economist said there was no co-relation between the authoritarianism and the economic success. ...Less

- India should put in large enough stimulus package to revive demand: Abhijit Banerjee
Banerjee, while talking to Congress leader Rahul Gandhi through video-conferencing, suggested giving mone ...More
Banerjee, while talking to Congress leader Rahul Gandhi through video-conferencing, suggested giving money into the hands of the bottom 60 per cent population to help revive demand. ...Less

- Need to redesign welfare system to meet challenge of pandemics: Nobel laureate Abhijit Banerjee
"Many young people died in the second and first wave of the pandemic, but their conditions were not detec ...More
"Many young people died in the second and first wave of the pandemic, but their conditions were not detected. Causalities among the young has caught us without any clue," the economist said, terming awareness about NCDs a key challenge. ...Less

- Banking sector is stressed, govt in no position to bail it out: Abhijit Banerjee
The author of "Good Economics for Hard Times" added that the slowdown in the economy will also adversely ...More
The author of "Good Economics for Hard Times" added that the slowdown in the economy will also adversely impact poverty alleviation in the country as urban and rural sectors are interdependent. ...Less

- Planning Commission like body to be formed in Bengal to honour Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: Mamata Banerjee
"Netaji's Planning Commission has been dissolved by the central government. They have named it (the new b ...More
"Netaji's Planning Commission has been dissolved by the central government. They have named it (the new body which replaced the institution) Niti Aayog or Niti Niyog, I do not know. Earlier, I used to go for meetings of the Planning Commission which sought suggestions from each state. Now we cannot share our views," Banerjee said. ...Less

- BJP's Piyush Goyal calls Abhijit Banerjee Left-leaning
During a media briefing, Piyush Goyal dubbed 2019 Economics Nobel prize winner Abhijit Banerjee, as Left- ...More
During a media briefing, Piyush Goyal dubbed 2019 Economics Nobel prize winner Abhijit Banerjee, as Left-Learning. Goyal said, "Banerjee supported 'NYAY' (poverty alleviation scheme of Congress) and people of India rejected his ideology. ...Less

- Curtain raiser of 16th Apeejay Kolkata Literary Festival held at Oxford Bookstore
The 16th Apeejay Kolkata Literary Festival kicked off in Kolkata with the launch of Nobel Laureate Abhiji ...More
The 16th Apeejay Kolkata Literary Festival kicked off in Kolkata with the launch of Nobel Laureate Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee's new book, "Chhaunk." Banerjee discussed the importance of government regulation alongside illustrator Cheyenne Oliver. The festival, scheduled for January 10-12, 2025, will feature over 120 writers across multiple venues, including Allen Park and Oxford Bookstore. ...Less

- Abhijit Banerjee joins list of Indian, Indian-origin Nobel Laureates
Indian-American Abhijit Banerjee on Monday won the Nobel Prize for Economics, joining the list of Indians ...More
Indian-American Abhijit Banerjee on Monday won the Nobel Prize for Economics, joining the list of Indians and people of Indian origin to grab the world's most prestigious award in different fields. ...Less

- SMEs to gain if govt scraps some taxes for now: Abhijit Banerjee
"One of the ideas kicking around is creating a moment of sale, just remove sales tax temporarily and have ...More
"One of the ideas kicking around is creating a moment of sale, just remove sales tax temporarily and have kind of a VAT window, and get consumption up a little bit. I think, a lot of these small-scale enterprises, that's the only way we really have to help them is to increase the market," Banerjee said. ...Less

- Economy in tailspin…doing very badly, says Nobel laureate Abhijit Banerjee
Abhijit Banerjee has repeatedly expressed concern over the slowing growth of the Indian economy, saying i ...More
Abhijit Banerjee has repeatedly expressed concern over the slowing growth of the Indian economy, saying it was time India stopped worrying about monetary stability and started worrying a little more about demand. ...Less

- Lockdown has impeded basic learning: Abhijit Banerjee
The economist, who heads the Global Advisory Committee formed by the West Bengal government to combat the ...More
The economist, who heads the Global Advisory Committee formed by the West Bengal government to combat the COVID situation, was taking part in a programme in which the Annual Status Report of Education (ASER) of December 2021 was launched. ...Less

- Nobel-winning economists Esther Duflo and Abhijit Banerjee to leave US for Zurich
US-based Nobel laureates Esther Duflo and Abhijit Banerjee will soon join the University of Zurich, where ...More
US-based Nobel laureates Esther Duflo and Abhijit Banerjee will soon join the University of Zurich, where they will establish a new centre for development economics, the institution said Friday. The University of Zurich (UZH) said the married couple, who currently work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), would join its economics faculty from July next year. ...Less

- Time of 'extreme pain' in India, economy below 2019 levels: Abhijit Banerjee
"I think we are in a moment of great pain. The economy is still well below as against what it was in 2019 ...More
"I think we are in a moment of great pain. The economy is still well below as against what it was in 2019. We don't know how much below, but it is substantially below. And I am not blaming anybody, I am just saying," said the economist. ...Less

- Nobel Laureate Abhijit Banerjee calls on Modi government to raise pandemic support spending
Banerjee believes the horrors of the latest outbreak, which saw widespread oxygen shortages and a collaps ...More
Banerjee believes the horrors of the latest outbreak, which saw widespread oxygen shortages and a collapse of its health system, means India won’t just assume it has beaten Covid following statements to such effect from government officials earlier this year, including Modi himself. ...Less

- Nobel Laureate Abhijit Banerjee gives big thumbs up to Modicare
"Ayushman Bharat does something very important... Healthcare expenses wipe families out... so it serves a ...More
"Ayushman Bharat does something very important... Healthcare expenses wipe families out... so it serves an important gap in our economic structure...," he said during a press conference. ...Less

- Diluting government stake below 50 per cent in PSBs no solution: Unions
Instead, the unions said, ensuring "proper governance in the system" and "removing political interference ...More
Instead, the unions said, ensuring "proper governance in the system" and "removing political interference" will address the problem of NPAs that has been weakening the financial health of the PSBs. ...Less

- Congress warns govt on fallout of farmers' protest, slams economic policies
Opposition Congress on Wednesday urged the government to agree to the demands of farmers who are protesti ...More
Opposition Congress on Wednesday urged the government to agree to the demands of farmers who are protesting against the agri laws and "send them home happy", warning that "making fun" of them would prove very costly to it. ...Less

- India should focus on undoing pandemic-induced education inequality: Abhijit Banerjee
“India has been slower than other countries at opening schools. This is potentially frightening because w ...More
“India has been slower than other countries at opening schools. This is potentially frightening because we know there is already massive inequality,” Banerjee said during a virtual lecture hosted by the Tata Institute of Social Sciences on Tuesday. ...Less

- Political polarisation hurting transparency; India 'mystery' for global investors: Nobel laureate Abhijit Banerjee
Nobel laureate Abhijit Banerjee warns that India's political polarization is eroding transparency, making ...More
Nobel laureate Abhijit Banerjee warns that India's political polarization is eroding transparency, making the country a "mystery" to global investors despite robust growth. He emphasizes that media freedom and credible data are crucial for attracting stable foreign investment, cautioning against policy unpredictability and internal divisions. ...Less

- Reopening schools not enough, need to reintegrate children back into system: Nobel laureate Abhijit Banerjee
Noting that temporary school closures will cause permanent damage he said merely reopening schools will n ...More
Noting that temporary school closures will cause permanent damage he said merely reopening schools will not be enough and not measuring learning losses and taking steps to integrate children back into the system will be a "recipe for disaster". ...Less

- Abhijit was an economist by accident, but is an ace cook, says mother Nirmala
An eminent economist in her own right, Nirmala said she was reading a book at home when her younger son b ...More
An eminent economist in her own right, Nirmala said she was reading a book at home when her younger son broke the news. ...Less
- There’s no shortage of oxygen, but the issue is how to transport it: Abhijit Banerjee, MD of Linde India
We have been tweaking our plants to produce as much liquid oxygen as possible. Our liquid oxygen capaciti ...More
We have been tweaking our plants to produce as much liquid oxygen as possible. Our liquid oxygen capacities prior to the second wave (of Covid-19) were roughly around 2,000 metric tonnes per day. Right now, we are producing around 2,500-2,600 tonnes a day. ...Less
- India-EU FTA strategic signal to US, but gains hinge on efficiency: Nobel laureate Abhijit Banerjee
Nobel laureate Abhijit Banerjee calls the India-EU free trade pact a strategic alignment. He believes it ...More
Nobel laureate Abhijit Banerjee calls the India-EU free trade pact a strategic alignment. He believes it signals to the US that India and Europe do not need America as much as it thinks. However, Banerjee cautions that the deal will only bring benefits if India significantly boosts its efficiency and logistics. ...Less
- India benefitted from globalization: Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee
Speaking virtually at an event organised by Bandhan- Konnagar, a Bengal-based NGO, Banerjee said that ris ...More
Speaking virtually at an event organised by Bandhan- Konnagar, a Bengal-based NGO, Banerjee said that risks associated with globalization could be managed if resources came in with globalisation. ...Less
- Bags from Ghana, books from India gifted by Banerjee and Duflo to Nobel museum
Economist couple Banerjee and Duflo, who on Tuesday received Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences ...More
Economist couple Banerjee and Duflo, who on Tuesday received Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel from King Carl Gustaf, also paid a customary visit to the museum in the Stortorget in Gamla Stan, old town area here as part of the Nobel week celebrations. ...Less
- View: Experimental economics not perfect but has potential
RCT, a new field, can make useful predictions and can help discover not "what works", but "why things wor ...More
RCT, a new field, can make useful predictions and can help discover not "what works", but "why things work". ...Less
- Rahul Gandhi speaks to experts Ashish Jha, Johan Giesecke on COVID-19 situation
Rahul Gandhi spoke to Professor Ashish Jha, a globally recognised public health professional and Professo ...More
Rahul Gandhi spoke to Professor Ashish Jha, a globally recognised public health professional and Professor Johan Giesecke, a famous Swedish epidemiologist ...Less
- Government needs to loosen the purse strings to properly help the poor: Abhijit Banerjee
Whosoever needs a ration card should be provided without asking questions such as "are you a citizen, are ...More
Whosoever needs a ration card should be provided without asking questions such as "are you a citizen, are you this, are you that, are you entitled" in the short run. But in the medium run, he said 'One Nation-One Ration Card' based on a generous interpretation of who is entitled would be a good thing. ...Less
- Nine most influential business books of the past decade
This year, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty took home the "Business Book of the Year ...More
This year, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty took home the "Business Book of the Year" award. Here are some of the greatest & most influential business books out there. ...Less
- Rajya Sabha proceedings adjourned till 2 pm
Soon after the House met for the day, Left and other opposition party members raised the two issues. Arou ...More
Soon after the House met for the day, Left and other opposition party members raised the two issues. Around 100 JNU students were detained and some were injured when police allegedly baton-charged protesters as they marched towards Parliament on Monday, demanding a total rollback of the hostel fee hike. ...Less
- 'Serious firecracker brainpower in one room.' Twitter can't handle Gita Gopinath's pre-Diwali party pic with these famous economists
Gita Gopinath celebrated pre-Diwali party with some of the world's most famous economists. ...More
Gita Gopinath celebrated pre-Diwali party with some of the world's most famous economists. ...Less
- Mass Hindu migration from B'desh unlikely in face of current crisis: Nobel laureate Abhijit Banerjee
Nobel laureate Abhijit Banerjee downplayed the likelihood of a fresh exodus of Hindus from Bangladesh to ...More
Nobel laureate Abhijit Banerjee downplayed the likelihood of a fresh exodus of Hindus from Bangladesh to India. He argued that migration is primarily driven by social networks and economic opportunities, not persecution. Banerjee suggested India's historical preference for Hindu migrants influenced past exoduses. His new book, "Chhaunk," explores food, economics, and society. ...Less
- Stagflation threat looms for former world-beating economy India
At the heart of India’s problems is a slump in consumption following a combination of policy missteps. ...More
At the heart of India’s problems is a slump in consumption following a combination of policy missteps. ...Less
- Banerjee, Duflo in Rajasthan research paper: Better transfers, time off work can improve police performance
The husband-wife duo had co-authored a working paper on ‘Improving police performance in Rajasthan’, foll ...More
The husband-wife duo had co-authored a working paper on ‘Improving police performance in Rajasthan’, following a study conducted at 162 out of 800 police stations in the state. ...Less
- Congress to air Rahul Gandhi's conversation with Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus on Friday
Congress's chief spokesperson Randeep Surjewala said the world over, the coronavirus pandemic has exposed ...More
Congress's chief spokesperson Randeep Surjewala said the world over, the coronavirus pandemic has exposed serious fault lines in societies and the glaring inequalities that aggravated the crisis. ...Less
- Don't read much into Banerjee-Duflo flight
Nobel laureates Banerjee and Duflo's move to Switzerland sparks brain drain fears, though these may be ov ...More
Nobel laureates Banerjee and Duflo's move to Switzerland sparks brain drain fears, though these may be overblown given their development economics focus. While social science research can be conducted globally, a true alarm would sound if the US lost natural science talent, which directly fuels its economic and military strength through business funding. ...Less
- View: The much talked-about randomised controlled trials are more sinned against than sinning
RCTs, by creating treatment (those who get the development programme) and control groups (those who don’t ...More
RCTs, by creating treatment (those who get the development programme) and control groups (those who don’t), create further ethical problems by creating short-term haves and have-nots that could potentially skew observed responses. ...Less
- Less razzmatazz, no swanky gala: Nobel Prizes to go ahead amid Covid-19 sans Sweden's glitterati
The awards attract huge attention every year. ...More
The awards attract huge attention every year. ...Less
- Fly-on-the-wall film on Greta Thunberg reveals her as steely, funny girl & a secret dancer
Several scenes show in the documentary her clashing with her actor father, Svante. ...More
Several scenes show in the documentary her clashing with her actor father, Svante. ...Less
- All you need to know about Nobel laureate Abhijit Banerjee
...More
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- The 11 most influential business books of the past decade
For the past decade, the Financial Times has been gathering judges from Wall Street and Silicon Valley to ...More
For the past decade, the Financial Times has been gathering judges from Wall Street and Silicon Valley to determine the year's best business book. ...Less
- Guv’s first few days are crucial, DeMo happened in first few weeks of Urjit Patel’s tenure: Abhijit Banerjee, MIT
The government may go easy as it wants him to achieve credibility, says the MIT prof. ...More
The government may go easy as it wants him to achieve credibility, says the MIT prof. ...Less
- ET Global Business Summit 2015: Crucial to get our house in order before world can help us grow
Economists came to the conclusion that despite global interconnectedness, it’s crucial to get our house i ...More
Economists came to the conclusion that despite global interconnectedness, it’s crucial to get our house in order before the world can help us grow. ...Less
- Must start Rs 1,000 per month transfer now: Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo
In a conversation with each other at online version of Jaipur Literature Fest on Sunday, Banerjee said th ...More
In a conversation with each other at online version of Jaipur Literature Fest on Sunday, Banerjee said that India could help in mass production of the Covid 19 vaccine, when it is developed, but cautioned that in the absence of one, India is set to see another lockdown since cases were only rising. ...Less
- Poet Sukrita Paul Kumar bags Tagore Literary Prize
Founded in 2018 by US-based publisher Peter Bundalo, the award is a platform for world peace, literature, ...More
Founded in 2018 by US-based publisher Peter Bundalo, the award is a platform for world peace, literature, art, education and human rights. ...Less
- India’s growth not creating enough jobs: Raghuram Rajan
Rajan said that there are some Indians who are doing very well while others are falling behind. ...More
Rajan said that there are some Indians who are doing very well while others are falling behind. ...Less
- Nobel-winning economist calls for climate tax as carbon costs lives
Nobel prize-winning economist Esther Duflo has warned that the mortality rate in poor countries could sky ...More
Nobel prize-winning economist Esther Duflo has warned that the mortality rate in poor countries could skyrocket as a result of climate change driven by rich nations. Duflo is calling for the introduction of a global tax. She stated that, due to the continuing impact of climate change, there will be an increase of 73 deaths per 100,000 people by the end of the century. Duflo claimed that the most vulnerable people will be hit hardest and the world’s poorest countries, who have contributed little to fossil fuel emissions, would bear the brunt. ...Less
- View: Development economists who go small have a point
Pritchett reasons that the only thing that really alleviates a nation’s poverty on a significant scale is ...More
Pritchett reasons that the only thing that really alleviates a nation’s poverty on a significant scale is economic growth. ...Less
- Tax cuts for the rich is necessary for growth is a mantra that needs to be questioned: Nobel laureate Abhijit Banerjee
Banerjee speaks on tax cuts for the rich, AI and the future of jobs, bad politics, and many other things. ...More
Banerjee speaks on tax cuts for the rich, AI and the future of jobs, bad politics, and many other things. ...Less
- Restricting banking to Indian ownership a mistake, an ideological view to suspect foreign capitalists: Abhijit Banerjee
The banking sector is in a morass, and needs to be repaired to ensure the economy can grow. That cannot h ...More
The banking sector is in a morass, and needs to be repaired to ensure the economy can grow. That cannot happen if foreign capital and capitalist are treated with suspicion. ...Less
- Nobel laureate trashes theory of limited government intervention to uplift poor
Addressing the 20th foundation day of Bandhan Bank, the non-profit-turned-MFI-turned-small finance bank, ...More
Addressing the 20th foundation day of Bandhan Bank, the non-profit-turned-MFI-turned-small finance bank, on Sunday, Banerjee said there is no data and no empirical evidence anywhere to establish the ideology that getting freebies or getting free assets make the poor people lazy. ...Less
- Rahul Gandhi to hold dialogue with former US diplomat Nicholas Burns
Congress chief spokesperson Randeep Surjewala said the dialogue will be around reshaping of the world ord ...More
Congress chief spokesperson Randeep Surjewala said the dialogue will be around reshaping of the world order in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis, the future of Indo-US relations and the key role played by the Indian diaspora in the US in building it. ...Less
- India should consider whether cheap Russian oil beneficial after US imposes tariffs: Nobel laureate Abhijit Banerjee
Nobel laureate Abhijit Banerjee suggests India re-evaluate the benefits of cheap Russian oil imports foll ...More
Nobel laureate Abhijit Banerjee suggests India re-evaluate the benefits of cheap Russian oil imports following the US imposition of a 25% tariff on Indian goods, effectively raising duties to 50%. He proposes considering halting Russian oil purchases to potentially negotiate tariff removal with the US, especially given the impact on India's exports. ...Less
- Training can improve unlicensed health care providers: Study
Kolkata, Oct 13 (IANS) Modest levels of medical training can improve the quality of health care furnished ...More
Kolkata, Oct 13 (IANS) Modest levels of medical training can improve the quality of health care furnished by unlicensed health care practitioners, says a recent study conducted in West Bengal. ...Less
- View: As solar industry booms, time to start thinking about recycling
The International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that the global solar photovoltaic (PV) installed capacity ...More
The International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that the global solar photovoltaic (PV) installed capacity is expected to increase beyond 1,600 Gigawatts (GW) by 2030. ...Less
- Rahul Gandhi's interactions on COVID-19: Congress releases teaser of discussion with industrialist Rajiv Bajaj
In the teaser, Managing Director of Bajaj Auto, Rajiv Bajaj, is seen talking about the effect of the lock ...More
In the teaser, Managing Director of Bajaj Auto, Rajiv Bajaj, is seen talking about the effect of the lockdown on the economy. ...Less
- Mustard seed trades 25% above MSP; farmers make an extra buck
Traders said higher prices of edible oils in the international market are boosting mustard oil rates with ...More
Traders said higher prices of edible oils in the international market are boosting mustard oil rates with limited possibility of cooling off going forward. ...Less
- Inatur founder says reading allows one to step away from stress
Pooja Nagdev shares the books she has been reading during the pandemic. ...More
Pooja Nagdev shares the books she has been reading during the pandemic. ...Less
- Raghuram Rajan, Arvind Subramanian, Esther Dufflo and Jean Dreze appointed to join TN Eco Advisory Committee
Duflo is a French-American economist who is a professor of Poverty Alleviation and Development Economics ...More
Duflo is a French-American economist who is a professor of Poverty Alleviation and Development Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She is the co-founder and co-director of the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab, which was established in 2003. She is the wife of Nobel Laureate Abhijit Banerjee. ...Less
- Poverty alleviation schemes should not be a permanent process: Raghuram Rajan
Whatever you create, you do not want that to hold people back from looking for jobs, says Rajan ...More
Whatever you create, you do not want that to hold people back from looking for jobs, says Rajan ...Less
- Is universal basic income scheme a recipe for disaster? Swaminathan Aiyar decodes
UBI is impractical — and, in my view, immoral. But cash grants have become part of India’s subsidy politi ...More
UBI is impractical — and, in my view, immoral. But cash grants have become part of India’s subsidy politics and are here to stay. Some think they will lay the ground for an eventual UBI. More likely, they will join the estimated 950 subsidies already announced over the years that have done some good, but failed to make India prosperous. ...Less
- PM Narendra Modi, Arun Jaitley to address ET summit today
The two-day summit starts on Friday with a star cast of speakers, led by PM Modi to an invited audience o ...More
The two-day summit starts on Friday with a star cast of speakers, led by PM Modi to an invited audience of CEOs, ministers, senior officials, ambassadors and academics. ...Less
- Polls still all about caste & religion
In 2014 Lok Sabha polls, more than 60% of Brahmin and nearly 50% other forward caste voters supported BJP ...More
In 2014 Lok Sabha polls, more than 60% of Brahmin and nearly 50% other forward caste voters supported BJP/other right-wing parties. ...Less
- Government ignored Congress suggestions, failed to tackle Covid-19: AICC
Rejecting Nadda’s charge that Sonia Gandhi was indulging in politics over the pandemic, AICC general secr ...More
Rejecting Nadda’s charge that Sonia Gandhi was indulging in politics over the pandemic, AICC general secretary Ajay Maken said making concrete suggestions was part of constructive politics. ...Less
- If BJP had asked me for (UBI) numbers, I would have given it to them too: Abhijit Banerjee
Banerjee & Duflo, who won this year's Nobel prize in Economics, share their views on a wide array of subj ...More
Banerjee & Duflo, who won this year's Nobel prize in Economics, share their views on a wide array of subjects. ...Less
- Breaking the glass ceiling: Women win big at Nobel 2020, four female laureates get recognition
Like the prizes themselves, the Nobel committees awarding them are also male-dominated. ...More
Like the prizes themselves, the Nobel committees awarding them are also male-dominated. ...Less
- In India, home to IITians, IIMians, 'school kids struggle with day to day calculations'
A study published in Nature reveals that Indian kids working in markets excel at mental math but struggle ...More
A study published in Nature reveals that Indian kids working in markets excel at mental math but struggle with academic math taught in school, and vice versa. Researchers observed that knowledge in marketplace arithmetic doesn’t transfer well to classroom arithmetic. The findings underscore a divide between real-world math skills and formal mathematical education among children in India. ...Less
- Need to improve understanding of poor and poverty: Subbarao
In its last policy review, RBI, however, hinted at lowering interest rates in this month's review. ...More
In its last policy review, RBI, however, hinted at lowering interest rates in this month's review. ...Less
- When the world revolves around cooking & eating: The foods that nourish and nurture Nobel laureates
Abhijit Banerjee becomes the rare Nobel laureate to write a cook-book 'Cooking To Save Your Life'. ...More
Abhijit Banerjee becomes the rare Nobel laureate to write a cook-book 'Cooking To Save Your Life'. ...Less
- Political environment is very conducive for reforms now: Surjit Bhalla
One of our major recommendations was a cut in corporate tax and that has already happened. ...More
One of our major recommendations was a cut in corporate tax and that has already happened. ...Less