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SPACECRAFT PROTECTION
In 1962, Willis Whitfield built a room that continuously swept dust away with filtered air; the idea became essential for computer chips, NASA and modern electronicsWillis Whitfield's innovative cleanroom concept emerged at Sandia National Laboratories to combat contamination issues in engineering. By i...- In 1965, NASA unfolded a 96 feet satellite in space to test what could puncture an Apollo spacecraftNASA’s Pegasus I, launched in 1965, opened wings 96 feet wide in orbit to count hits from particles too small to see. The readings helped e...
- Elon Musk flying car explained: How does Tesla Roadster work? Timeline of a car that was first revealed in 2008Tesla’s next-generation Roadster is being promoted with cold-gas thrusters, compressed-gas pressure vessels and performance claims that go ...
- Genetically modified microbe could help make Mars habitable, researchers sayAt Pioneer Labs, a biotech startup based in Emeryville, Calif., researchers have engineered a bacterial strain that can grow under simulate...
- Could astronauts on the Moon manufacture their own tools? NASA tests lunar dust material that could reduce supplies from EarthNASA researchers are developing a composite material that combines lunar regolith with a biodegradable plastic called poly(3-hydroxybutyrat...
- UFO researcher investigated 700 alleged alien abductions. He found one pattern that changed his belief about GodUFO researcher Joe Jordan says investigating around 700 alleged alien abduction cases over more than three decades changed his understandin...
- In 2021, NASA sent 11 types of crop seeds outside the space station for 8 months; after their return, scientists tested whether they could still growThe 2021 NASA seed experiment ultimately demonstrates why some of the most important space discoveries can begin with objects that appear r...
- 100% US tariff law raises uncertainty, may disrupt India's exports if imposed: ExportersA new United States law could impose steep tariffs on Indian goods. This legislation creates significant uncertainty for bilateral trade re...
- In 2020, NASA put seeds from 11 crops aboard an experimental spaceplane; after months in orbit, scientists brought them back to test whether they could still growIn 2020, NASA put seeds from 11 crops aboard an experimental spaceplane; after months in orbit, scientists brought them back to test whethe...
- In 1962, the US detonated a 1.4-megaton nuclear bomb in space that knocked out streetlights and triggered burglar alarms in Hawaii. 64 years later, it says weapons are already in orbitThe United States has acknowledged its possession of orbital space-control weapons, a declaration echoing a 1962 nuclear test that generate...
- America brings space warfare into the open. Where does India stand?The United States has publicly acknowledged possessing on-orbit space control weapons. This disclosure marks a significant shift in how spa...
- Forget tanks, fighter jets: US, Russia & China are preparing for battles beyond Earth, where destroying one satellite could disrupt an entire military networkSpace is now a contested military domain as nations develop capabilities to disrupt satellites. The United States, Russia, and China are en...
- In 1966, Gemini 9 and Gemini 12 exposed fungal spores and viruses directly to space; a 0.4 mm aluminum shield kept fungal spores alive and boosted virus survival 3,000-foldEarly space missions tested microbial survival outside spacecraft without protection. Fungal spores and viruses showed very low survival ra...
- In 2005, ESA exposed two kinds of lichen to space for 14.6 days; both remained metabolically active and recovered after returning to EarthIn a groundbreaking experiment, two lichen species, Rhizocarpon geographicum and Xanthoria elegans, showcased extraordinary durability by s...
- In 1984, NASA left Bacillus spores in space for nearly 6 years; after LDEF returned to Earth, 1–2% of the exposed spores were still aliveDuring an extensive six-year voyage aboard the LDEF satellite, soil bacteria spores demonstrated remarkable resilience, surviving the rigor...
- In 2015, Japan exposed bacteria outside the ISS for 3 years; some clumps survived, while thicker ones were estimated to last longerJapanese researchers launched the resilient bacteria Deinococcus into orbit aboard the International Space Station. Remarkably, these micro...
- In 1967, NASA flew flour beetle pupae on Biosatellite II for 45 hours; radiation and weightlessness raised wing abnormalities in flight from 29.9% to 44.8%During the 1967 Biosatellite II mission, flour beetles displayed notable wing deformities, underscoring how weightlessness amplified the ad...
- US, China arm for space warfare: Hunter satellites and orbital weaponsChina and the United States are developing advanced military space capabilities. Both nations are preparing for potential conflict extendin...
- In 2010, NASA launched a 12-pound, loaf-of-bread-sized satellite with two Bacillus populations; radiation exposure reached about 15 times that of the ISS orbitNASA's O/OREOS mission embarked on an exciting journey to observe how bacteria withstand the rigors of space radiation. The compact satelli...
- In 1967, Biosatellite II irradiated parasitic wasps for 2 days in orbit; females later laid as many eggs as controls, and hatchability remained excellentA 1967 NASA mission sent parasitic wasps into orbit around Earth. These wasps showed surprising resistance to radiation damage while in spa...
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