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CLIMATE CHANGE CORAL REEFS
1978, Massachusetts developed a 127-acre reef of 2,500 concrete-filled tire bundles in Nantucket Sound; a 2019 survey found fish arrived in about 33 seconds at reefs versus nearly eight minutes over bare sandNearly fifty years ago, Massachusetts introduced tire reefs to enhance marine ecosystems. Recent research indicates that these structures n...- In 2016, Texas built RGV Reef from 477 piles of railroad ties and concrete across 1,650 acres off South Padre Island; sonar estimated 24.4 tons of fish biomass thereA groundbreaking artificial reef off the Texas coast now sustains more than twenty-four tons of fish biomass. Constructed from discarded ra...
- A teenager’s 4-H project helped spark a coral restoration revolution in the Florida Keys—how Ken Nedimyer turned broken coral fragments into thousands of new reef coloniesA simple father-daughter 4-H project in the Florida Keys grew into a groundbreaking coral restoration effort. Ken Nedimyer’s experiment wit...
- In 1998, scientists recorded world's first mass bleaching event, years later study finds global coral cover well below normal levels as reefs at risk of irreversible decline threatening marine life, ocean livelihood, El Nino weather raises fearsWith El Niño weather patterns intensifying and ocean surface temperatures reaching a record high of 21.1 degrees Celsius (69.98°F) on Augus...
- In 1997, Florida sank 8 A-7 Corsairs and a T-2 trainer off Jacksonville; 5 years later, all remained in place and were regularly used by divers and fishermenIn 1997, retired A-7 Corsair aircraft were deliberately sunk off the Florida coast, serving a dual purpose as artificial reefs. This innova...
- In the mid-late 1970s, Florida sank an F-101, F-102, T-33 and Sikorsky off Bay County; the aircraft served as fishing and diving reefs for more than 10 yearsIn the 1970s, Florida made a bold choice by sinking military jets and helicopters into the Gulf of Mexico, creating makeshift fishing and d...
- In 1995, Hurricane Luis damaged Maiden Island Reef in the Caribbean, already hit by development. Years later, Reef Balls supported 5,000 new coral colonies representing 30 speciesReef Balls are designed artificial reef modules mimicking natural structures. These concrete units provide habitat and shelter for marine s...
- In 2010, Thailand lowered 25 retired battle tanks into 80 feet of water off Narathiwat; a decade later, local fishermen reported a sharp boost in catchesThailand's army sank obsolete battle tanks and railway cars into the Gulf of Thailand. This initiative aimed to create new fishing grounds ...
- In 2017, Jordan sank a 100-foot C-130 Hercules cargo plane off Aqaba; marine life has been colonizing it ever sinceA retired Jordanian C-130 Hercules plane was intentionally sunk offshore Aqaba. This created an artificial reef to foster marine life and c...
- In 1993, Miami lowered a retired Boeing 727 called Spirit of Miami into the sea; a storm split it apart a year later, and coral, oysters, and fish moved inThe Spirit of Miami, a retired Boeing 727, now lies submerged beneath the waves, purposefully sunk to provide an ecological haven. The deva...
- UN says world must navigate 'reality' of 1.5C overshootA United Nations report details managing global temperatures after exceeding the 1.5C target. Scientists agree warming above this level pos...
- Science says sand isn’t always made from rocks: Some beaches are built from the remains of living thingsThe next time you stroll along a white tropical beach, remember that the sand beneath your feet may have a far more complex origin than ero...
- In 2009, Jacksonville sank the former Coast Guard tender Spike in 100 feet of water; one year later, a REEF diver counted 16 fish species, up from just 6An ex-Coast Guard ship now stands as an artificial reef, drawing the attention of vibrant marine life. At first, the submerged metal hull w...
- In 2019, Australia lowered a 58-ton concrete greenhouse into the Great Barrier Reef; the 12-metre underwater structure became a living artwork and coral habitatNestled beneath the waves near John Brewer Reef in Australia lies an innovative Coral Greenhouse sculpture crafted from pH-neutral cement, ...
- Since 1990s, amount of living heat sensitive coral has gone down shockingly, this indicates warmer ocean which means worse storms, hotter nightsEl Nino is already as big as recent ones and is still growing with it expected to reach unprecedented levels at its peak. It's responsible ...
- In the 1950s, U.S. nuclear tests were conducted at Bikini and Enewetak; decades later, Guam corals preserved carbon-14 spikes linked to tests in 1954, 1956, and 1958Guam’s coral reefs act as natural historians, chronicling chemical footprints of Cold War-era nuclear tests. Distinct radiocarbon spikes fr...
- In 2025, Miami sank 22 concrete cars beneath the Atlantic; what looks like an underwater traffic jam is actually a giant artificial reef for 2,200 coralsBeneath the waves off Miami Beach, a striking collection of 22 concrete cars lies submerged, serving as artificial reefs that support coral...
- In 1986, Florida sank this 189-foot ship off the Florida Keys; decades later, its stripped superstructure is covered in sponges, corals and hydroidsThe Thunderbolt, a former military and research vessel, now serves as an artificial reef off Marathon in the Florida Keys. It was intention...
- In 2021, Cyprus submerged 93 sculptures to create an underwater forest; concrete trees rise from the seabed at different depthsAn underwater sculpture park in Cyprus offers a unique habitat for marine life. This art installation, MUSAN, features concrete figures and...
- In 2019, Jordan sank 19 military machines in the Red Sea, turning retired tanks, cannons, an ambulance, and a combat helicopter into an underwater museum and artificial reefJordan's Aqaba hosts a unique underwater military museum featuring decommissioned vehicles. These sunken machines now serve as artificial r...
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