Building India’s future food system

Food systems have been central to India’s policy discourse since the first Five-Year Plan (1951-1956) because of their fundamental role in sustaining life and driving economic development. In the early years, food-security programmes were primarily focused on increasing supply to address shortages and trade imbalances, leading to a production-led approach. That approach helped strengthen food availability. Today, however, India’s challenge is no longer simply to produce more but to ensure that affordable nutritious food reaches the right person, at the right place, and at the right time without placing an unsustainable burden on natural resources or farmers. The future of India’s food system must, therefore, be examined through three interconnected pillars: availability, accessibility, and affordability. Together, they provide a practical framework for India’s future food system.

Availability has three dimensions: availability of sufficient food, availability of nutritious food, and availability of diverse food choices that reflect the evolving tastes and preferences of a growing consumer base, particularly in urban India. Availability of calories is not necessarily availability of nutrition, which is further exacerbated by climate risk. Ensuring availability will require not only higher and more stable output but also a shift towards crops and production systems that support healthier diets.

Accessibility includes both physical and information access. Physical access depends on efficient production, transportation, storage, and distribution systems that can move food reliably from farms to consumers. Information access enables better decisions across the value chain. Farmers need timely market intelligence, weather advisories, and extension support, while consumers need clear information on nutrition, food quality, traceability, and safety.

Affordability has both economic and environmental dimensions. Economic affordability means enabling consumers to obtain diverse, nutritious food at reasonable prices while ensuring remunerative returns for producers. Environmental affordability recognises the hidden costs of production—including pressure on soil, water, biodiversity, and the climate—and asks whether today’s food choices can be sustained without compromising tomorrow’s productive capacity.

India has made impressive progress in strengthening food security, but the pressures ahead remain substantial. According to the United Nations’ World Population Prospects 2024, India’s population is projected to rise from about 1.43 billion in 2023 to approximately 1.68 billion by 2050. Meeting the needs of this larger population will require productivity gains that are resilient to climate variability and do not accelerate the depletion of land and water resources. India’s food system presents a paradox: although aggregate production is broadly sufficient, many people still struggle to obtain affordable, nutritious food because of low incomes, uneven distribution, and supply-chain inefficiencies. At the same time, inadequate cold-chain, storage, and post-harvest infrastructure lead to avoidable losses in perishable produce before it reaches consumers, constraining access and weakening farmer returns. As per a 2022 study commissioned by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI), the losses are as high as 6-15% for fruits and 4.8-11.6% for vegetables.

Rapid urbanisation adds another layer of complexity. The decadal growth rate of India’s urban population was 31.8% between 2001 and 2011. Urban consumers are increasingly attentive to food quality and safety and are seeking greater diversity, convenience, and traceability. The food system must respond to these preferences while continuing to serve rural and lower-income consumers equitably. Building resilience across the three pillars will require coordinated action.

On availability, the priority is to ensure an adequate and diverse supply of nutritious food by sustainably raising productivity through climate-smart agriculture, improved seed varieties, efficient water management, regenerative practices, and greater production of nutrient-rich crops. On accessibility, India needs stronger agricultural value chains, lower post-harvest losses, better storage and logistics infrastructure, and more effective market linkages. Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs), cooperatives, digital marketplaces, and decentralised procurement can help aggregate supply, improve price discovery, and connect producers more efficiently with consumers. Reliable nutrition, quality, and traceability information should complement these physical networks. On affordability, social protection and nutrition-focused interventions must work alongside market reforms to make healthy diets within reach of all.

India has successfully addressed the first-generation challenge of food security. The next phase of the food-system transition is about improving the efficiency with which food production is translated into nutrition, resilience, and consumer well-being.

Author Himanshu Rattan is Partner and Lead-Food, Agri & Allied Services, Government & Public Services, KPMG in India, and Nikhil Sethi is Partner and Head, Consumer Goods, KPMG in India. Views are personal.