Heartburn? Indigestion? US doctor says it could be esophageal cancer: What it is, who’s at risk, and key symptoms

Millions of people suffer from occasional heartburn or indigestion, but experts warn that persistent symptoms could signal something far more serious—esophageal cancer. The American Cancer Society estimates that about 22,070 new cases of esophageal cancer will be diagnosed in 2025, with over 16,000 deaths attributed to the disease.

What Is Esophageal Cancer?

Esophageal cancer occurs when malignant cells develop in the lining of the esophagus, the muscular tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach. There are two primary types:

Adenocarcinoma: Begins in the glandular cells of the esophagus, commonly found in the lower portion.


Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Starts in the thin, flat squamous cells lining the esophagus.

Both types can be life-threatening if not detected early, which is why doctors stress the importance of recognizing early symptoms.

Rising Cases Linked to GERD

Dr. Joseph Salhab, a gastroenterologist, warns that esophageal adenocarcinoma is becoming more common in the United States and is strongly linked to GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease). According to data from the National Cancer Institute, cancer rates among people aged 45–64 doubled between 2012 and 2019.

GERD is a chronic condition where stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn and acid reflux. Left untreated, it can damage the esophageal lining, leading to a precancerous condition called Barrett’s esophagus, which may progress to cancer.

Who Is at Risk?

Risk factors for Barrett’s esophagus include:

• Being male (3–4 times more likely)
• Age over 50
• Caucasian ethnicity
• Obesity, especially around the abdomen
• Smoking habits
• Family history of Barrett’s esophagus or esophageal cancer

Symptoms to Watch For

Early detection is key. Symptoms of esophageal cancer may include:

• Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
• Unexplained weight loss
• Persistent chest pain or discomfort
• Chronic cough or hoarseness
• Food feeling “stuck” in the throat
• Worsening heartburn or indigestion

While heartburn is common, frequent episodes—occurring more than twice a week—should not be ignored. Dr. Salhab urges anyone with chronic GERD symptoms to consult a gastroenterologist for proper screening and early intervention.