War-ravaged Gaza faces multi-billion dollar reconstruction challenge

U.S. President Donald Trump says Gaza has the potential to become "The Riviera of the Middle East" under U.S. ownership after Palestinians are permanently resettled elsewhere. Billions of dollars will be needed to rebuild the coastal strip after the war between Israel and the Palestinian militant group Hamas, according to assessments from the United Nations.

Here is a breakdown of the destruction in Gaza from the conflict prompted by the Oct. 7, 2023 attack on Israel by militants from Hamas, which at the time ruled the Palestinian enclave.

HOW MANY CASUALTIES ARE THERE?
The Hamas attack on Israel killed 1,200 people, according to Israeli tallies. Israel's retaliation has killed more than 47,000 people, according to Gaza's health ministry.


HOW LONG WILL IT TAKE TO CLEAR THE RUBBLE?
A U.N. damage assessment released last month showed that clearing over 50 million tonnes of rubble left in the aftermath of Israel's bombardment could take 21 years and cost up to $1.2 billion. The debris is believed to be contaminated with asbestos, with some refugee camps struck during the war known to have been built with the material. The rubble also likely holds human remains. The Palestinian Ministry of Health estimates that 10,000 bodies are missing under the debris. A United Nations Development Programme official said in January that development in Gaza has been set back by 69 years as a result of the conflict.

HOW MANY BUILDINGS HAVE BEEN DESTROYED?
Rebuilding Gaza's shattered homes will take at least until 2040, but could drag on for many decades, according to a U.N. report released last year.

Two-thirds of Gaza's pre-war structures - over 170,000 buildings - have been damaged or flattened, according to U.N. satellite data (UNOSAT) in December. That amounts to around 69% of the total structures in the Gaza Strip.

Within the count are a total of 245,123 housing units, according to an estimate from UNOSAT. Currently, over 1.8 million people are in need of emergency shelter in Gaza, the U.N. humanitarian office said.

WHAT IS THE INFRASTRUCTURE DAMAGE?
The estimated damage to infrastructure totalled $18.5 billion as of end-January 2024, affecting residential buildings, commerce, industry, and essential services such as education, health, and energy, a U.N.-World Bank report said. An update by the U.N. humanitarian office in January showed that less than a quarter of the pre-war water supplies were available, while at least 68% of the road network has been damaged.

HOW WILL GAZA FEED ITSELF?
More than half of Gaza's agricultural land, crucial for feeding the war-ravaged territory's hungry population, has been degraded by conflict, satellite images analysed by the United Nations show.

The data reveals a rise in the destruction of orchards, field crops and vegetables in the Palestinian enclave, where hunger is widespread after 15 months of Israeli bombardment.

The U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization said last year that 15,000 cattle, or over 95%, of the total had been slaughtered or died since the conflict began and nearly half the sheep.

WHAT ABOUT SCHOOLS, UNIVERSITIES, RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS?

Palestinian data shows that the conflict has led to the destruction of over 200 government facilities, 136 schools and universities, 823 mosques and three churches. Many hospitals have been damaged during the conflict, with only 17 out of 36 units partially functional as of January, the U.N. humanitarian office's report showed.

Amnesty International's Crisis Evidence Lab has highlighted the extent of destruction along Gaza's eastern boundary. As of May 2024, over 90% of the buildings in this area, including more than 3,500 structures, were either destroyed or severely damaged.