In 2022, a Washington State lab study replaced 20% of cement with recycled glass powder; 56-day strength rose 19% with steel milling, while surface resistivity improved 150% with ceramic milling

Engineers at Washington State University have set out to test whether waste glass can improve something every American walks and drives over daily: ordinary concrete. According to a 2022 Washington State University master's thesis by Lauren Likes, advised by Professor Somayeh Nassiri, recycled glass powder replacing 20% of cement in concrete produced test mixes that grew stronger over time and resisted damage better than a standard mix. This was a controlled university lab study using test specimens, not a statewide construction policy or an already approved use in buildings.

Cement's hidden carbon cost

Concrete is everywhere. It's in sidewalks, driveways, parking garages, and foundations, but very few people think about what makes it hold together. That binder is cement, and making it is very energy-intensive and emits a lot of carbon dioxide. According to federal data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ninety-two cement plants across the country reported 67 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions in 2019 alone, making up about 10% of the industrial sector's direct reported emissions that year. That is why researchers are looking for substitutes for cement as well as ways to use less concrete in construction.


How WSU ground bottle glass into a cement substitute

Researchers milled waste glass into a fine powder using two different techniques, one with steel balls and one with ceramic balls, to see whether the grinding method itself would affect performance. The study found that both milling methods produced a 20% cement replacement with more than 75% activity at 7 and 28 days, meeting the standard used to assess substitute materials. However, the true results came at 56 days, when the properties of the three concrete mixtures started to differ significantly.

Strength up 19%, durability up 150%

It's worth being precise here: no single mix hit both numbers. At 56 days, the mortar made with steel-ball-milled glass powder showed a 19% increase in compressive strength compared with the cement control, while the mortar made with ceramic-ball-milled glass powder showed a smaller 5% increase in compressive strength. Durability told the opposite story: surface resistivity, which reflects concrete's ability to resist water and chloride ingress, was 150% higher for the ceramic-ball-ground glass powder and 130% higher for the steel-ball-ground version. The study attributes this split to the grinding method itself. This suggests two key factors in choosing a concrete additive: binder activity (compressive strength) and durability (resistance to water and chloride ingress), and the best choice depends on which one a given project needs most.

America's growing glass waste problem

The study may have broader relevance for the glass-processing industry in the United States. According to the EPA’s glass material flow for 2018, 12.3 million tons of glass were generated (4.2% of all municipal solid waste produced that year), 3.1 million tons of which (31.3%) were recycled, while the remaining 7.6 million tons were landfilled. Because glass does not decompose like organic material, every ton kept out of landfills reduces environmental impact.

From lab bench to building code

None of which means your local contractor is going to be spreading crushed glass in your driveway this year. A single master's thesis, however well constructed, is only the beginning of the road to commercialization. Adapting any cement replacement to manufacturers' needs often requires years of testing and certification, and the process can take decades.

The WSU research shows that a material’s properties depend on how it is processed. That information can help guide material choices for specific building projects. The research also reminds us that different types of recycled materials have different benefits and should not be used interchangeably. As research on recycled materials grows, future driveways may include more recycled inputs from everyday waste.