Inside the high-stakes US defence system tracking Iran missiles and drones

American forces deployed across the Middle East face persistent risks from missiles and drones, many of which can reach US positions from across the region. Recent attacks on critical infrastructure and advanced radar systems have further highlighted the urgency of detecting threats early enough to protect personnel.

To manage this, the United States and its allies operate a multi-layered missile defence network that combines space-based sensors, ground radars, naval systems and airborne platforms. These systems work together continuously, supported by trained operators who analyse incoming data and act quickly.

As a former US Air Force officer and now aerospace and national security law professor at the University of Mississippi explained, “Together, these tools form a missile defense network that can spot danger early and give warnings,” as cited by PTI.


Also Read: Trump puts off threat to bomb Iran power grid, Iranian agency denies report of talks to end war

Satellites provide the first alert

Missile launches are first detected by satellites positioned in space. Systems such as the US Space Force’s Space-Based Infrared System identify the heat generated at the moment of launch.

“When a missile is fired, it creates a strong enough heat signal to be seen in space,” the professor said. “The satellites detect this heat using sensitive, infrared sensors and send an alert within seconds. This early warning is critical. It gives the military on the ground or at sea time to get defense systems ready.”

These alerts are relayed to Earth via Joint Tactical Ground Stations, where the information is rapidly distributed across the wider defence network through secure communication links.

Also Read: Why US Navy, the world's most powerful, can't secure a narrow 21-mile gap of Strait of Hormuz: A video explains

Radar systems track threats mid-flight

Once a missile is airborne, radar systems take over tracking duties. By emitting radio waves and analysing their reflections, these systems determine the missile’s location, speed and trajectory.

The United States employs both long- and short-range radars for this purpose. The AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar can detect threats from more than 3,000 miles away, while the AN/TPY-2 Surveillance Transportable Radar—capable of tracking objects at nearly 2,000 miles—provides more detailed targeting data. These systems are often positioned close to defence units to ensure rapid response.

Together, satellites and radars create a continuous chain of detection and tracking from launch to interception.

Also Read: Why 'F35 hit by Iran' is a big deal for world's most-advanced stealth fighter jet that was supposed to be 'unkillable'

Recent strikes test the network

The effectiveness of this system has recently been challenged. Iranian strikes have reportedly hit key radar installations, including a TPY-2 system in Jordan and an FPS-132 in Qatar. These assets are both costly and difficult to replace quickly.

Although such losses can reduce coverage in specific areas, the overall network remains functional. The US has redeployed a TPY-2 system from Korea to reinforce regional defences, while additional support could come from other installations, including those based in the United Kingdom.

Ships and aircraft plug coverage gaps

Beyond fixed ground systems, mobile platforms play a key role in maintaining coverage. US Navy vessels equipped with the Aegis Combat System and AN/SPY-1 radar can monitor threats within a range of around 200 miles and reposition based on operational needs.

Airborne platforms add further flexibility. Aircraft like the E-3 Sentry provide wide-area surveillance, while drones such as the MQ-9 Reaper can remain airborne for extended periods, tracking movement below using a mix of sensors.

These mobile assets allow the defence network to adapt when certain areas face higher risk or when ground systems are damaged.

Also Read: Trump once claimed 8 planes crashed in India-Pakistan war; Report says US lost 16 aircraft in Iran war in just 3 weeks

Drones pose a tougher challenge

Compared to missiles, drones are significantly harder to detect. Many produce limited heat, making them less visible to infrared sensors.

“Missiles are fast and hot, which makes them easier to detect with the current systems,” the professor said. “Iranian drones, such as the Shahed system, are different. Their heat signature is often minimal due to using gas-powered engines not easily detected by infrared sensors. Without this heat signature, that initial warning cue is delayed, making it difficult for radar to know what to track.”

Their small size, low-altitude flight paths and slower speeds further complicate detection. Some drones are built using materials like fiberglass and plastic, reducing radar visibility, while others operate autonomously using pre-programmed GPS routes, limiting radio signal tracking.

To counter this, multiple detection methods—including radar, signal interception and visual sensors—are used together.

“The US is in discussions to buy acoustics sensors from Ukraine, which can hear drones coming when they cannot be seen using other methods,” the professor said.

He added, “New sensors, better software and faster communication will all help strengthen defenses. The goal is simple: Detect threats earlier, respond faster and hit the target faster.”